2023年北京卷英語(yǔ)閱讀理解D篇【技巧總結(jié)】

2023年北京卷閱讀理解D篇

【1】What is life? Like most great questions, this one is easy to ask but difficult to answer. The reason is simple: we know of just one type of life and it’s challenging to do science with a sample size of one. The field of artificial life—called ALife for short—is the systematic attempt to spell out life’s fundamental principles. Many of these practitioners, so-called ALifers, think that somehow making life is the surest way to really understand what life is.

【2】So far no one has convincingly made artificial life. This track record makes ALife a ripe target for criticism, such as declarations of the field’s doubtful scientific value. Alan Smith, a complexity scientist, is tired of such complaints. Asking about “the point” of ALife might be, well, missing the point entirely, he says. “The existence of a living system is not about the use of anything,” Alan says. “Some people ask me, ‘So what’s the worth of artificial life?’ Do you ever think, ‘What is the worth of your grandmother?’”

【3】As much as many ALifers hate emphasising their research’s applications, the attempts to create artificial life could have practical payoffs. Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife’s cousin in that researchers in both fields are enamoured by a concept called open-ended evolution (演化). This is the capacity for a system to create essentially endless complexity, to be a sort of “novelty generator”. The only system known to exhibit this is Earth’s biosphere. If the field of ALife manages to reproduce life’s endless “creativity” in some virtual model, those same principles could give rise to truly inventive machines.

【4】Compared with the developments of AI, advances in ALife are harder to recognise. One reason is that ALife is a field in which the central concept—life itself—is undefined. The lack of agreement among ALifers doesn’t help either. The result is a diverse line of projects that each advance along their unique paths. For better or worse, ALife mirrors the very subject it studies. Its muddled (混亂的) progression is a striking parallel (平行線) to the evolutionary struggles that have shaped Earth’s biosphere.

【5】Undefined and uncontrolled, ALife drives its followers to repurpose old ideas and generate novelty. It may be, of course, that these characteristics aren’t in any way surprising or singular. They may apply universally to all acts of evolution. Ultimately ALife may be nothing special. But even this dismissal suggests something: perhaps, just like life itself throughout the universe, the rise of ALife will prove unavoidable.

31.Regarding Alan Smith’s defence of ALife, the author is __________.

A. supportive B. puzzled C. unconcerned D. doubtful

32.What does the word “enamoured” underlined in Paragraph 3 most probably mean?

A. Shocked. B. Protected. C. Attracted. D. Challenged.

33.What can we learn from this passage?

A. ALife holds the key to human future.

B. ALife and AI share a common feature.

C. AI mirrors the developments of ALife.

D. AI speeds up the process of human evolution.

34.Which would be the best title for the passage?

A. Life Is Undefined. Can AI Be a Way Out?

B. Life Evolves. Can AI Help ALife Evolve, Too?

C. Life Is Undefined. Can ALife Be Defined One Day?

D. Life Evolves. Can Attempts to Create ALife Evolve, Too?

劉凱老師-題目解析：本文核心主題： ALife研究雖然混亂 undefined，但其"演化式"的發(fā)展或許正是理解生命本質(zhì)的最佳途徑——生命在演化，對(duì)生命的探索也在演化。

2023年北京卷閱讀理解的D篇完完全全是命題者和考生開(kāi)的一個(gè)玩笑。文章的主題“ALife 人工生命”虛無(wú)縹緲，全文五大段充斥著似是而非的說(shuō)明性語(yǔ)句，再加上425字的文章長(zhǎng)度和試卷D篇文章的位置，無(wú)形之中極大地增加了學(xué)生的心理壓力。但是四道題目非常之簡(jiǎn)單，簡(jiǎn)單到你只要知道文章主題是“ALife 人工生命”就足夠了，剩下的就是按題目要求操作。劉凱老師總結(jié)：所以這篇文章你看得懂看不懂都無(wú)所謂，讀得有多慘不忍睹不知所云都無(wú)所謂。你只要知道文章主題，四道題目就都是智力題。當(dāng)然，你應(yīng)該至少能看懂全文結(jié)尾最后一句，“人工生命的崛起是不可避免的”，這就是作者對(duì)人工生命的正態(tài)度。

31題 細(xì)節(jié)題：Regarding Alan Smith’s defence of ALife, the author is __________.
對(duì)于艾倫·史密斯為ALife所作的辯護(hù)，作者的態(tài)度是__________。

A. supportive 支持的 B. puzzled 困惑的

C. unconcerned 不關(guān)心的 D. doubtful 懷疑的

第二段艾倫·史密斯說(shuō)的話看不懂完全無(wú)所謂，即便只看題干的“defense 防御”也知道，艾倫·史密斯是在為人工生命辯護(hù)，是站在人工生命一邊的，是支持人工生命的。恰好，作者對(duì)人工生命也是正態(tài)度，所以正確答案必然是A選項(xiàng)“支持的”。B選項(xiàng)“困惑的”和D選項(xiàng)“懷疑的”都是負(fù)態(tài)度，與作者態(tài)度相反，堅(jiān)決排除。C選項(xiàng)又出現(xiàn)了作者態(tài)度題經(jīng)典錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)“不關(guān)心的”，如果不關(guān)心，作者為什么要費(fèi)勁寫(xiě)文章呢？我們說(shuō)過(guò)一系列這種在態(tài)度題里錯(cuò)誤率極高的詞，比如unclear、uncertain、vague、ambiguous等。作者的態(tài)度既不能含糊不清，也不能模棱兩可。

32題 細(xì)節(jié)題：What does the word “enamoured” underlined in Paragraph 3 most probably mean?
第三段中的畫(huà)線詞“enamoured”最可能是什么意思？

A. Shocked. 震驚的。 B. Protected. 受到保護(hù)的。

C. Attracted. 被吸引的。 D. Challenged. 受到挑戰(zhàn)的。

劃線詞是個(gè)動(dòng)詞，所以要考慮的是動(dòng)作之間的邏輯關(guān)系，以及動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者和承受者。原句里寫(xiě)到的是“researchers in both fields are enamored by a concept 兩個(gè)領(lǐng)域的研究者都被某個(gè)概念怎么樣了”，注意這里是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，動(dòng)作發(fā)出者是“concept 概念”，動(dòng)作承受者是“researchers 研究者”，所以首先排除B選項(xiàng)“受到保護(hù)的”，概念不可能保護(hù)人。此外，如果選擇A選項(xiàng)“震驚的”，那么這個(gè)概念就一定要完完全全出乎研究者的意料，與研究者的心理預(yù)期產(chǎn)生極大的落差。如果選擇D選項(xiàng)“受到挑戰(zhàn)的”，那么這個(gè)概念就要給研究者制造困難，段落里就要出現(xiàn)相關(guān)負(fù)態(tài)度表述。雖然你可能不知道第三段在寫(xiě)些什么，但是沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)某人意外，也沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)負(fù)態(tài)度，這兩件事你應(yīng)該是可以看出來(lái)的，那么A選項(xiàng)和D選項(xiàng)都不能成立。劉凱老師總結(jié)-所以合理的答案只有C選項(xiàng)“被吸引的”。研究者被這個(gè)概念吸引，才會(huì)投入精力去研究，才有了文章里作者講述的人工生命發(fā)展的現(xiàn)狀。其實(shí)這道題根本不用浪費(fèi)那么多腦細(xì)胞，作者對(duì)人工生命是正態(tài)度，研究者對(duì)人工生命也是正態(tài)度，C選項(xiàng)是四個(gè)選項(xiàng)里唯一的正態(tài)度選項(xiàng)，你看不懂文章胡蒙亂猜，也一樣首選C選項(xiàng)。

33題 細(xì)節(jié)題或主旨題：What can we learn from this passage?
從本文中我們可以了解到什么？

A. ALife holds the key to human future.人工生命掌握著人類未來(lái)的關(guān)鍵。

B. ALife and AI share a common feature.人工生命和人工智能具有一個(gè)共同特點(diǎn)。

C. AI mirrors the developments of ALife.人工智能反映了人工生命的發(fā)展。

D. AI speeds up the process of human evolution.人工智能加速了人類進(jìn)化的進(jìn)程。

單獨(dú)看題干，這道題可以看作一道主旨題，但是選項(xiàng)里大量出現(xiàn)了另一個(gè)專有名詞“AI 人工智能”，說(shuō)明必然涉及了文章里的某個(gè)重要細(xì)節(jié)，因此這道題也可以看作一道細(xì)節(jié)題。但別忘了，細(xì)節(jié)也要為文章的主題服務(wù)，正確選項(xiàng)與文章主題關(guān)系密切，所以首先排除的就是D選項(xiàng)“人工智能加速了人類進(jìn)化的進(jìn)程”。且不說(shuō)這個(gè)選項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容是不是有點(diǎn)不切實(shí)際，這個(gè)選項(xiàng)和ALife一點(diǎn)關(guān)系都沒(méi)有，就是一個(gè)和主題完全無(wú)關(guān)的選項(xiàng)。另外三個(gè)選項(xiàng)都提到了ALife，所以當(dāng)然要排除D選項(xiàng)，看不懂文章也得學(xué)會(huì)排除。接下來(lái)排除A選項(xiàng)“人工生命掌握著人類未來(lái)的關(guān)鍵”的過(guò)程需要稍加思考。文章的結(jié)尾作者寫(xiě)道“人工生命的崛起不可避免”，只說(shuō)到了人工生命未來(lái)會(huì)蓬勃發(fā)展，至于發(fā)展之后會(huì)帶來(lái)什么影響、發(fā)揮什么作用、扮演什么角色，則根本沒(méi)有涉及。A選項(xiàng)貌似是個(gè)與文章主題相關(guān)的選項(xiàng)，感情色彩也吻合正態(tài)度的要求，但是實(shí)際上與文章主題并不相符。有的同學(xué)說(shuō)，我怎么可能想到你說(shuō)的這些啊……我說(shuō)，對(duì)啊，我也知道你想不到，所以再給你一個(gè)思路。你認(rèn)真讀讀A選項(xiàng)，你覺(jué)不覺(jué)得它有點(diǎn)……反人類啊？人工生命掌握著人類未來(lái)的關(guān)鍵，人類的未來(lái)是不是太灰暗了？人類的命運(yùn)要交給人工生命去裁決嗎？這就是人工生命發(fā)展帶來(lái)的結(jié)果嗎？這合理嗎？你能不能意識(shí)到，A選項(xiàng)是個(gè)完全扯淡的選項(xiàng)呢？剩下的B選項(xiàng)和C選項(xiàng)就沒(méi)有任何難度了。兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)里都同時(shí)出現(xiàn)了AI和ALife，文章里必然進(jìn)行了二者的對(duì)比。第四段的首句明確提到了二者在developments方面的對(duì)比，結(jié)果是“advances in ALife are harder to recognize 人工生命的發(fā)展更難辨別”，所以C選項(xiàng)“人工智能反映了人工生命的發(fā)展”是與原文違背的。劉凱老師總結(jié)-正確答案只能選擇B選項(xiàng)“人工生命和人工智能具有一個(gè)共同特點(diǎn)”。你能看懂第三段里提到二者是“cousin 近親”的信息更好，但是看不懂也無(wú)所謂。A選項(xiàng)與主題有關(guān)但是反人類，D選項(xiàng)與主題無(wú)關(guān)，唯一需要你看明白才能排除的C選項(xiàng)，你看看文章里的那句話有理解難度嗎？有復(fù)雜語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象嗎？有非核心詞匯嗎？

34題 主旨題：Which would be the best title for the passage?以下哪一項(xiàng)最適合作為本文標(biāo)題？

A. Life Is Undefined. Can AI Be a Way Out?生命尚未被定義。人工智能能成為一種出路嗎？

B. Life Evolves. Can AI Help ALife Evolve, Too?生命在進(jìn)化。人工智能也能幫助人工生命進(jìn)化嗎？

C. Life Is Undefined. Can ALife Be Defined One Day?生命尚未被定義。人工生命會(huì)在某天被定義嗎？

D. Life Evolves. Can Attempts to Create ALife Evolve, Too?生命在進(jìn)化。創(chuàng)造人工生命的嘗試也會(huì)隨之進(jìn)化嗎？

首先排除A選項(xiàng)和B選項(xiàng)，需要你選擇的是文章標(biāo)題，是全文的主旨。AI只是文章里拿來(lái)與主題對(duì)比的另一個(gè)具體事物而已，絕對(duì)和文章主旨沒(méi)有關(guān)系。

剩下的C選項(xiàng)和D選項(xiàng)就沒(méi)有難度了。文章是要“定義”人工生命，還是“創(chuàng)造、進(jìn)化”人工生命？文章結(jié)尾提到的是“人工生命的發(fā)展不可避免”，那么當(dāng)然與“進(jìn)化”密切相關(guān)，所以正確答案為D選項(xiàng)。劉凱老師總結(jié)：到此為止，四道題就全部解決了。這篇文章你看不懂，但是無(wú)所謂，你需要把握的就是文章主題、作者態(tài)度這些宏觀層面的思路，并且使用它們?nèi)ズ饬空_選項(xiàng)是否與文章主題關(guān)系密切，感情色彩是否與作者態(tài)度保持一致。這就是閱讀理解題目解析一直在教給你的終極思路。