對話芬蘭駐華大使：從森林到課堂，可持續發展如何“從童年扎根”

來源：市場資訊

　　蔣露瑤/發自北京

　　作為全球可持續發展的先行者，芬蘭已連續第五年在聯合國可持續發展目標（SDG）實施排名中位列第一。芬蘭何以取得這樣的成績？芬蘭為何將可持續發展視為國家核心價值？4月10日，以“‘芬’享未來，‘育’見可持續”為主題的中芬教育交流會在芬蘭共和國駐華大使館舉辦。芬蘭駐華大使明凱（Mikko Kinnunen）在致辭中指出，可持續發展不應停留于口號，而應真正扎根于教育、文化、藝術與體育的日常實踐。

芬蘭駐華大使明凱（Mikko Kinnunen）

教育先行，可持續發展從童年扎根

　　明凱強調，可持續發展深深根植于芬蘭的教育體系之中。芬蘭國家課程體系將可持續發展作為一種價值觀，不單獨拆分為獨立的科目，而是深度融入所有學校的運營和教學之中。

　　明凱提到，芬蘭國家創新基金會（Sitra）會為學校開發教材、工具包和項目，通過讓學生參與任務，引導學生參與回收、循環經濟和可持續發展，培養他們的主人翁意識。

　　目前，Sitra已開發了覆蓋小學、高中和職業學校的循環經濟教材，與超過50所學校、大學和機構合作，僅在2018-2019年間，就有超過7萬名芬蘭兒童學習了循環經濟課程。

　　同時，芬蘭還將公平與包容融入教育體系，通過男女同班、個性化支持、免費教育等方式減少社會經濟差距。明凱指出，芬蘭國家政策保障所有學生享有平等的教育機會，各學校需制定各自的平等包容方案。

　　具體的實踐中，芬蘭教育體系以全納教育為核心原則，致力于讓所有學生，無論其背景、能力或特殊需求如何，都能在主流課堂中接受教育。芬蘭教育法規定，不得因學生殘疾而剝奪其入學資格，除非該學生對自己或他人構成危險。

　　芬蘭也沒有單一性別學校，所有學校均為男女同校，男孩和女孩從基礎教育階段開始就在同一課堂中學習與互動，為男女學生提供了平等的發展平臺。

　　同時，芬蘭從學前教育到高等教育的所有階段均實行免費教育，在基礎教育階段，免費不僅包括學費，還涵蓋教科書、學習材料、教學工具，每位學生每個上學日都能獲得一頓免費的熱餐。對于有特殊需求的學生，還會免費提供助聽器等。高中階段同樣實行免學費政策，還額外提供筆記本電腦等學習設備。

　　此外，芬蘭還要求教師接受系統培訓，來識別和應對性別刻板印象和歧視，鼓勵學生拋開性別限制，選擇任意學科。2025年，芬蘭教育與文化部發布了2025-2027年平等與非歧視計劃，幫助教師和教育工作者識別和應對基于性別、外貌、世界觀、性取向、殘疾等個人特征的欺凌、騷擾和歧視行為。該計劃包含八項具體措施，涵蓋教師能力建設、性別隔離消除、教材編寫等多個方面。

以自然為中心，共享全球經驗

　　芬蘭地理面積廣闊，但人口相對稀少，超過75%的國土被森林覆蓋，是世界上森林覆蓋率最高的國家之一，同時也是全歐洲森林覆蓋率最高的國家。

　　“我們從很小的時候就與自然建立了緊密的聯系。”明凱在對話新浪財經時表示，芬蘭人習慣于在森林、國家公園、湖泊和海洋中度過戶外時光，自然用多種方式賦予人們力量，這正是整個芬蘭社會致力于可持續發展的基礎。同時，作為北歐國家，氣候變化對芬蘭而言也是切實的挑戰，因此芬蘭對此極為重視。

　　芬蘭在氣候變化領域雄心勃勃。2019年，芬蘭五個執政黨在政府組閣談判中，將“2035碳中和”的目標寫入政府綱領，即2035年實現“碳中和”，通過植樹、使用再生能源、購買碳匯等方式，完全抵消芬蘭排放的二氧化碳。四年后，芬蘭新《氣候法》生效，這一目標由此具備了法律約束力。

　　談及芬蘭為何將碳中和目標設定為2035年，明凱大使表示，芬蘭的可持續發展模式始終以自然為中心。“芬蘭文化中強調尊重自然，并確立了保護自然是社會的共同責任。芬蘭人從小養成的行為與態度，能夠帶來真正的改變。”

　　明凱也強調共享全球經驗的重要性。他提到，自2017年起，芬蘭國家創新基金會（Sitra）發起了“世界循環經濟論壇”，每年匯聚全球政策制定者、專家和從業者，分享全球前沿的循環經濟解決方案，并探討企業如何把握機遇，實現經濟效益與環境效益的雙贏。中國也曾積極參與其中，舉辦專題討論、參與雙邊對話、探討合作機會。

中芬攜手，共筑綠色未來

　　明凱高度評價中芬兩國在可持續發展領域的合作。他強調，“能源相關問題是中國與芬蘭合作的關鍵領域之一”。今年年初芬蘭總理彼得里·奧爾波訪華期間亦對此進行了深入討論。

　　根據《關于推進中芬面向未來的新型合作伙伴關系的聯合工作計劃（2025-2029）》，低碳發展和可持續增長被列為雙方合作的首要領域之一，涵蓋能源轉型、循環經濟、氣候與生物多樣性等關鍵議題。雙方將氣候變化、碳中和、循環經濟確定為雙邊科技創新合作的優先領域。

　　在具體合作方面，芬蘭經濟事務與就業部與中國國家能源管理局自2017年簽署諒解備忘錄，確定在儲能、智能電網、地熱等領域開展示范項目合作。

　　中芬能源合作的首批示范項目中，廣州南沙“多位一體”微能源網項目已建成投產。該項目由中國南方電網廣東廣州供電局與三家芬蘭企業合作建設，通過整合冷熱電綜合能源供給體系，打造粵港澳大灣區智慧低碳園區的標桿樣本，是中芬能源領域首個成功投產的示范工程。

　　今年1月，在芬蘭總理奧爾波訪華期間，諒解備忘錄再次續簽。目前，已有三個生物能源試點項目正在進行，涵蓋區域供熱、創新碳技術及納米技術應用。明凱認為，芬蘭和中國在可持續能源和綠色轉型方面都擁有豐富的技術知識，合作前景廣闊。

對話實錄：

Sina Finance: Finland is globally recognized as a pioneer in sustainable development, from the circular economy to carbon neutrality. At a macro level, why does sustainability matter so deeply to Finland as a nation?

Mikko Kinnunen: Finland is a geographically large country with not that many people – more than 75 % of Finland’s area is covered in forest. Therefore, we grow up from an early age with a connection to nature, maybe more so than in many other countries. Finnish people are used to spending time outdoors, in forests, national parks and swimming in the sea and in lakes, and I think this is the basis of our commitment to sustainability as a society. Nature – being close to nature – empowers people in different ways.

Linking the question to education, sustainability is also ingrained in our education system already from childhood. For example, the Finnish Innovation Fund, Sitra creates materials, toolkits and projects for schools to teach children about recycling, circularity and sustainability through real-life tasks that promote student participation and ownership.

Due to our climate as a northern country, climate change is a concrete issue for Finland, and we take it very seriously.

Sina Finance: Finland has set one of the world’s most ambitious climate targets – carbon neutral by 2035. This goes beyond international commitments. What motivated Finland to set such a high bar for itself? And how would you define the “Finnish model” of sustainability that other countries can learn from?

Mikko Kinnunen: To continue on my previous reply, I would say that the Finnish model of sustainability centers on nature. Finnish culture reinforces respect towards nature and enforces a shared responsibility towards protecting it. People's own behaviour and attitude – from an early age – make a difference.

Finland highlights the importance of global experience sharing. To name one example, the Finnish Innovation Fund, Sitra, is known for organizing the World Circular Economy Forum, which brings together policymakers, experts, and practitioners across the world to discuss key circular economy topics annually. China has also participated.

Sina Finance: More than half of China’s electricity consumption still relies on fossil fuels, though renewables are growing rapidly. Finland has deep expertise in energy efficiency, smart grids, and clean heating/cooling. How can the two countries complement each other’s strengths to accelerate both transitions? What specific technologies are most ripe for deeper cooperation?

Mikko Kinnunen: Energy-related issues are one of the key fields of cooperation between Finland and China. The Finnish Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment and the Chinese National Energy Administration have had an MoU already dating back to 2017, and it was recently renewed during the visit of Finland’s Prime Minister, Mr. Petteri Orpo, in January this year. For example, we currently have three ongoing pilot projects, collaborations between Finnish and Chinese companies, focusing on bioenergy, in particular on regional heating systems, innovative carbon technologies, and applications of nanotechnology. Finland and China both have plenty of technical know-how regarding sustainable energy and the green transition, creating fruitful possibilities for further co-operation.

Sina Finance: Sustainability is not only environmental; social inclusion and gender equality are integral to Finland’s approach. Finland is promoting equity and reducing gender segregation in education. Could you explain how Finland integrates gender equality into its broader sustainability framework?

Mikko Kinnunen: Gender equality and inclusion are important principles in the Finnish education system, guided by national policies that ensure equal access and non-discrimination for all students. In addition to national plans, individual schools are mandated to plan their own equality & inclusion blueprints. In practice, schools promote equity through, for example, mixed-gender classrooms, individualized support, and free education (including meals and materials). The aim of these practices is to reduce social and economic disparities. Moreover, teachers are trained to recognize and challenge stereotypes and to encourage students to pursue any subjects regardless of gender. Additionally, inclusion is emphasized through support for students with diverse needs, integrating them into mainstream classrooms whenever possible.